home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Libris Britannia 4
/
science library(b).zip
/
science library(b)
/
ELECTRON
/
3332.ZIP
/
ELECTRO-.ZIP
/
ELEC4.CAI
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1991-11-05
|
13KB
|
348 lines
@OPTIONS ESCAPE NOEDIT
@ESC SYSTEM
.SCREEN 0
.COLOR 15,0
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ INTRODUCTION ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 8,16
If you are beginning to think that electricity and
.LOCATE 9,16
electronics really are "easy to understand" you're
.LOCATE 10,16
right.
.LOCATE 12,16
But they can be a little confusing. In this section
.LOCATE 13,16
you'll learn that:
.LOCATE 15,20
ELECTRONS FLOW "BACKWARDS" IN THE CIRCUIT
.LOCATE 17,12
A VEHICLE'S BODY IS JUST LIKE ANOTHER WIRE IN THE CIRCUIT
.LOCATE 19,15
THE "HOT WIRE" ISN'T ANY HOTTER THAN THE "COLD WIRE"
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ INTRODUCTION ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 9,15
In Section 1 we noted that........Electric current
.LOCATE 10,15
is the flow of Electrons from a point where there is
.LOCATE 11,15
a surplus of Electrons to a point where there is a
.LOCATE 12,15
shortage......And, in the case of Direct Current,
.LOCATE 13,15
the flow is in the form of a loop that returns
.LOCATE 14,15
the Electrons to their original location.
.LOCATE 16,15
The CIRCUIT is the path that the electrons follow.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
.LOCATE 11,20
And, a CIRCUIT is one complete loop. Most
.LOCATE 12,20
electrical and electronic systems are made
.LOCATE 13,20
up of a large number of circuits that work
.LOCATE 14,20
together - which explains why a wiring
.LOCATE 15,20
diagram appears to be so complicated.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 9,15
When we discuss the flow of electrons in a circuit,
.LOCATE 10,15
we run into an interesting contradiction.
.LOCATE 12,15
We talk in terms of electric current "flowing" in
.LOCATE 13,15
one direction but the electrons that make up that
.LOCATE 14,15
flow actually move in the opposite direction.
.LOCATE 16,15
That seems strange and it is.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 9,17
In an electrical system the flow of current is
.LOCATE 10,17
said to be from the + (plus) side of the circuit
.LOCATE 11,17
to the - (minus) side. That flow is described as
.LOCATE 12,17
CONVENTIONAL CURRENT, a concept based on an
.LOCATE 13,17
incorrect assumption about the direction of the
.LOCATE 14,17
flow of electrons made by Ben Franklin.
.LOCATE 17,17
He had the right idea but he got it backwards.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 8,15
By the time the error was discovered, the idea that
.LOCATE 9,15
electrons flow from the side of the circuit marked
.LOCATE 10,15
+ (positive) to the side marked - (minus) was so
.LOCATE 11,15
widely accepted that rather than correct the mistake,
.LOCATE 12,15
the scientific community created the label, CONVENTIONAL
.LOCATE 13,15
CURRENT for the concept.
.LOCATE 15,15
They then created the term ELECTRON CURRENT to identify
.LOCATE 16,15
the correct direction of flow (from the - side to the
.LOCATE 17,15
+ side). Understanding the direction in which the
.LOCATE 18,15
electrons flow is essential to understanding
.LOCATE 19,15
complex electronic systems, BUT........................
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 9,18
For purposes of understanding the concepts of
.LOCATE 10,18
electric current and circuits as they apply to
.LOCATE 11,18
most automotive systems, the direction of
.LOCATE 12,18
the flow doesn't really make any difference.
.LOCATE 13,18
The important thing is that electrons are
.LOCATE 14,18
flowing.
.LOCATE 16,18
From a practical standpoint, however, the
.LOCATE 17,18
direction of flow can be significant............
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
.LOCATE 11,18
In an electric motor the flow determines the
.LOCATE 12,18
direction in which the shaft will turn. Other
.LOCATE 13,18
components including those in electronic circuits
.LOCATE 14,18
may be designed to handle a flow of electrons
.LOCATE 15,18
in one direction only.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 9,17
In an automotive system the electrical circuits
.LOCATE 10,17
are a combination of wiring and the vehicle's
.LOCATE 11,17
metal bodywork.
.LOCATE 13,17
The flow of Electrons starts at the battery,
.LOCATE 14,17
goes into the bodywork, then into power using
.LOCATE 15,17
components that are attached directly to
.LOCATE 16,17
the metal bodywork or are linked to it by wires.
.LOCATE 17,17
The Electrons then return to the battery through
.LOCATE 18,17
wires leading from the components back to the
.LOCATE 19,17
battery.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
TYPICAL AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
---Flow of Electron Current--
┌───────────────────────────────┐
│ BODY/CHASSIS │
│ │
╔══╗ ╔═══╡ ╞═══════╗
║ ┌╨───────────╨┐ │ │ ┌╨────────────┐
║ │+ -│ └───────────────────────────────┘ │ ELECTRICAL │
║ │ BATTERY │ --Flow of Conventional Current-- │ COMPONENT │
║ └─────────────┘ └────────────╥┘
║ ║
║ ║
║ ║
║ --Flow of Conventional Current-- ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
---Flow of Electron Current----
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────┐
┌─────────────────────────────────│ REVIEW │─────────────────────────────────┐
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒└────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒┌──────────────────────────────────┐▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒│REMEMBER THE FOLLOWING KEY POINTS:│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒└──────────────────────────────────┘▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒│ │▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
│▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒│
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.WAIT 20
.LOCATE 13,7
1. CONVENTIONAL CURRENT DESCRIBES AN IMAGINARY FLOW OF CURRENT FROM
.LOCATE 14,10
THE + (plus) SIDE OF THE CIRCUIT TO THE - (minus) SIDE.
.WAIT 30
.LOCATE 16,7
2. ELECTRON CURRENT DESCRIBES THE ACTUAL FLOW OF ELECTRONS FROM THE
.LOCATE 17,10
- (minus) SIDE OF THE CIRCUIT TO THE + (plus) SIDE.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
.LOCATE 11,19
If you can accept the fact that the flow of
.LOCATE 12,19
electric is current is opposite what you
.LOCATE 13,19
were taught it to be, you should be ready
.LOCATE 14,19
to deal with the misconception of the
.LOCATE 15,19
"HOT WIRE".
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 5,34
THE "HOT WIRE"
.LOCATE 7,20
Anyone who has ever dealt with any type of
.LOCATE 8,20
automotive electrical system is familiar
.LOCATE 9,20
with the concept of the "Hot Wire" - the
.LOCATE 10,20
wire that "carries" the power. In reality,
.LOCATE 11,20
the "Hot Wire" is no different from the
.LOCATE 12,20
"Cold Wire" - the one that doesn't seem to
.LOCATE 13,20
show any electrical activity.
.LOCATE 15,20
The reason the "Hot Wire" is "hot" is that
.LOCATE 16,20
when it touches the metal bodywork of
.LOCATE 17,20
the vehicle, it completes the circuit and
.LOCATE 18,20
electrons start to flow. In contrast, if one
.LOCATE 19,20
end of a wire is attached to the bodywork and
.LOCATE 20,20
the other end touches another part of the
.LOCATE 21,20
body nothing happens - the circuit has not
.LOCATE 22,20
been completed.
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
.LOCATE 13,12
That brings us to THE COMPONENT THAT USES THE POWER.......
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
.LOCATE 11,14
In the language of Electricity and Electronics it is
.LOCATE 12,14
always referred to as the:
.LOCATE 14,38
"LOAD"
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ CIRCUITS ▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒▒ │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
.LOCATE 7,21
The "LOAD" is an essential part of any
.LOCATE 8,21
Electrical or Electronic circuit. Once
.LOCATE 9,21
Electrons begin to flow in the circuit,
.LOCATE 10,21
they become a form of energy in motion.
.LOCATE 12,21
The component that uses the power "burns"
.LOCATE 13,21
that energy. If the energy wasn't "burned"
.LOCATE 14,21
it would continue to flow through the
.LOCATE 15,21
circuit until it encountered a blockage
.LOCATE 16,21
and would release its energy at that point
.LOCATE 17,21
in the form of heat.
.LOCATE 19,21
The result would be .....................
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
.SKIP 12
A SHORT CIRCUIT !
.LOCATE 25,19
.PAUSE (*(Press ENTER to continue/ESCAPE to exit)*)
.CLS
.USE PROG=EQIZ4.CAI